Protestant Reformation vs Scientific Revolution free essay sample

When Martin Luther didn’t want to believe what the church tells him in the Protestant Reformation, and how Galileo Galilei didn’t want to believe Ptolemy’s observations because, they were wrong. In the Protestant Reformation Martin Luther rejected the Church’s statement that doing good deed would give you salvation, he held the Bible up as the sole source of religion, and he also rejected that the church hierarchy and priests had no special power. He didn’t allow confessions, pilgrimages, and prayer to saints, he also shortened the elaborate ritual of the mass and emphasized the sermon. The detail that showed that Martin Luther wanted change was that he rejected five of the seven sacraments because, they weren’t in the bible. The indulgences that he banned that was enforced by Johann Tetzel, which lessened the time a soul would stay in Purgatory, Martin Luther banned. Galileo found a huge discovery after training the sky with a telescope all night, that would prove the church wrong once again like Martine Luther did in the Protestant Reformation. We will write a custom essay sample on Protestant Reformation vs Scientific Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He discovered that the Church’s and Ptolemy’s views of the universe was wrong. Galileo Galilei found out that the universe was heliocentric, or a sun centered universe. It is said that the Protestant Reformation influenced the Scientific Revolution in some ways. It might have been that Martin Luther proved the church wrong biblically. I believe once people heard about Martin searching for his own answers and them being granted, made Galileo Galilei looked for his own. In 1609, Galileo trained his telescope across the night sky and found something that would change everyone’s lives forever. Until the 1500’s, scholars accepted the theory of Ptolemy. He once said that the earth was the center of the universe. They believed him because, his theories eemed to agree with common sense, and it also matched the teachings of the church. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus a Polish Scholar published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Which stated his observations and beliefs on the universe. He provided evidence which supported Galileo’s theories. As you can see there weren’t many ways they were alike, and how they influenced each other but, they were the most important reasons. I believe that if Martin Luther didn’t break apart from the church and search for his own answers, we would have still probably believed that the earth was the center of the universe until a later time.

Free Essays on Mesoamerica

The cultural area known as Mesoamerica covers most of Southern Mexico and Central America. It ¡Ã‚ ¯s topography and ecology include semi arid deserts in the north, mountainous terrains and steamy rainforests in the South. To the East lies the Gulf coast and the Yucatan peninsula, a limestone jetty with a system of underground rivers, where water is scarce. It shares some distinct cultural traits that were disseminated by what is known as the Olmec of the Gulf Coast. The Olmecs (1000 - 400 B.C.) are considered  ¡Ã‚ °the mother culture ¡Ã‚ ± because they were the first people to have developed a centralized government. They were the first long-distance traders of Mesoamerica and apparently spread  ¡Ã‚ °civilization ¡Ã‚ ± as well as their trade goods. They had a strong influence on peoples as far south as Guatemala and as far east as the Zapotec center of Monte Alban. They were the first to create the famous Mesoamerican ballgame which later was included in the cosmology of the Maya, the Teotihuacanos, the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs, the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs or Mexica. It is to them that scholars have attempted to link the Maya and Central Mexican Calendars as well as early writing. The calendric system of the Maya and of Central Mexico are based on a numeric system that included the concept of zero. Zeros mark completion and are part of a cycle. The calendar is really a calendric system with a 360 day solar count with 18 months containing 20 days each. Each day has its own name. At the end of the 18 months is one small month with 5 days of fear and calamity. This was intermeshed with a 260 day ritual calendar of 20 day names and 13 numbers. These two calendars created what is known as the calendar round that functioned like two circular gears that pushed time in a spiral motion. The calendar round does not repeat any of its combination of days for a period of 52 years. The Aztecs renewed their cycle with a  ¡Ã‚ °new fire ri... Free Essays on Mesoamerica Free Essays on Mesoamerica The cultural area known as Mesoamerica covers most of Southern Mexico and Central America. It’s topography and ecology include semi arid deserts in the north, mountainous terrains and steamy rainforests in the South. To the East lies the Gulf coast and the Yucatan peninsula, a limestone jetty with a system of underground rivers, where water is scarce. It shares some distinct cultural traits that were disseminated by what is known as the Olmec of the Gulf Coast. The Olmecs (1000 - 400 B.C.) are considered â€Å"the mother culture† because they were the first people to have developed a centralized government. They were the first long-distance traders of Mesoamerica and apparently spread â€Å"civilization† as well as their trade goods. They had a strong influence on peoples as far south as Guatemala and as far east as the Zapotec center of Monte Alban. They were the first to create the famous Mesoamerican ballgame which later was included in the cosmology of the Maya, the Teotihuacanos, the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs, the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs or Mexica. It is to them that scholars have attempted to link the Maya and Central Mexican Calendars as well as early writing. The calendric system of the Maya and of Central Mexico are based on a numeric system that included the concept of zero. Zeros mark completion and are part of a cycle. The calendar is really a calendric system with a 360 day solar count with 18 months containing 20 days each. Each day has its own name. At the end of the 18 months is one small month with 5 days of fear and calamity. This was intermeshed with a 260 day ritual calendar of 20 day names and 13 numbers. These two calendars created what is known as the calendar round that functioned like two circular gears that pushed time in a spiral motion. The calendar round does not repeat any of its combination of days for a period of 52 years. The Aztecs renewed their cycle with a â€Å"new fire ritualï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Mesoamerica The cultural area known as Mesoamerica covers most of Southern Mexico and Central America. It ¡Ã‚ ¯s topography and ecology include semi arid deserts in the north, mountainous terrains and steamy rainforests in the South. To the East lies the Gulf coast and the Yucatan peninsula, a limestone jetty with a system of underground rivers, where water is scarce. It shares some distinct cultural traits that were disseminated by what is known as the Olmec of the Gulf Coast. The Olmecs (1000 - 400 B.C.) are considered  ¡Ã‚ °the mother culture ¡Ã‚ ± because they were the first people to have developed a centralized government. They were the first long-distance traders of Mesoamerica and apparently spread  ¡Ã‚ °civilization ¡Ã‚ ± as well as their trade goods. They had a strong influence on peoples as far south as Guatemala and as far east as the Zapotec center of Monte Alban. They were the first to create the famous Mesoamerican ballgame which later was included in the cosmology of the Maya, the Teotihuacanos, the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs, the Toltecs, and later the Aztecs or Mexica. It is to them that scholars have attempted to link the Maya and Central Mexican Calendars as well as early writing. The calendric system of the Maya and of Central Mexico are based on a numeric system that included the concept of zero. Zeros mark completion and are part of a cycle. The calendar is really a calendric system with a 360 day solar count with 18 months containing 20 days each. Each day has its own name. At the end of the 18 months is one small month with 5 days of fear and calamity. This was intermeshed with a 260 day ritual calendar of 20 day names and 13 numbers. These two calendars created what is known as the calendar round that functioned like two circular gears that pushed time in a spiral motion. The calendar round does not repeat any of its combination of days for a period of 52 years. The Aztecs renewed their cycle with a  ¡Ã‚ °new fire ri...

Avocado Leaf Plasticity Essay Example for Free

Avocado Leaf Plasticity Essay INTRODUCTION: Phenotypic plasticity, or differing phenotypes from one genotype in different environmental conditions, is a way for sessile organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Valladares et al., 2007). Plasticity was expected to be abundant, however, it did not occur as often in nature due to resource limitations and environmental stress (Valladares et al., 2007). An experiment by Matos tested the phenotypic plasticity to light availability in shade and sun leaves of coffee trees (Matos et al. , 2009). Their research indicated that â€Å"compared [to] sun leaves, shade leaves had a lower stomatal density, a thinner palisade mesophyll, a higher specific leaf area, and improved light capture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Matos et al., 2009). The sun leaves were described as â€Å"generally thicker with an enhanced quantity of palisade mesophyll† (Matos et al., 2009). Our objective was the presence of phenotypic plasticity in avocado trees based on the differences in the morphology of shade and sun leaves. In our study, we asked whether there is a difference in surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color between shade leaves and sun leaves in avocado trees. We hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color between shade leaves and sun leaves. METHODS: We collected our seventy samples of avocado tree (Persea americana) leaves, in equal amounts of sun and shade leaves, at an avocado tree grove located north of Building 3 and University Drive at Cal Poly Pomona on Thursday, October 24, 2013 at 9:00 am. They were randomly and interspersedly collected throughout the grove. We split the grove into five areas, split into five teams of two, and was assigned to one of the five areas. Each team picked a number for the trees in their region and a random number was selected from a random number table to select a tree corresponding to that number. A random number table was used to pick the corresponding quadrant, branch, and leaf.  This process was done twice on each tree in the understory for shade leaves, and in the canopy for sun leaves. Each leaf was measured for its surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color. Surface area was measured by a leaf area meter in squared centimeters. Length-to-width ratio was measured by measuring the length (vertically along the bridge of the leaf) and the width (horizontally on the widest part of the leaf) with a ruler in centimeters, and dividing the length by the width. Mass was calculated by a balance in grams. Specific leaf mass (thickness) was measured by dividing the mass by its surface area in grams per squared centimeter. Color was measured by having three reference leaves provided by the instructor, indicating light (L), medium (M), and dark (D) leaves and compared our collected leaves. After recording all of the data, these data were then input into a statistical program called StatCat to determine normality through a normality test. The data for surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, and specific leaf mass for sun and shade leaves were both normal, therefore, we chose a paired sample t-test for all of them. A normality test was not needed for color for sun and shade leaves due to it being a nominal scale data. The number of light, medium, and dark shade leaves were tallied up according to color, and the same was done for the sun leaves. A contingency table was made in Excel, and used in StatCat to test our hypothesis. The paired sample t-tests were also done through StatCat, which then gave us the appropriate results to test our hypotheses. RESULTS: Shade leaves had a significantly larger surface area than sun leaves (t = -3.7313, P = 0.00069; Table 1). Shade leaves had a significantly larger length-to-width ratio than sun leaves (t = -2.7162, P = 0.01031). Shade leaves had no significant difference in mass than sun leaves (t = -1.4871, P = 0.1462). Shade leaves had a significantly smaller specific leaf mass than sun leaves (t = 5.82093, P = 1.5Ãâ€"10-6). Shade leaves were significantly darker than sun leaves (X2 = 18.417, P = 0.0001). Avocado Leaf Plasticity. (2018, Oct 27).

THE IMPACT OF PLANNING POLICIES FOR THE OLYMPIC GAMES WILL OPTIMIZE Essay

THE IMPACT OF PLANNING POLICIES FOR THE OLYMPIC GAMES WILL OPTIMIZE THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM FOR LONDON RESIDENTS - Essay Example Tourism as a manifestation of leisure presupposes a socioeconomic milieu in which money and time-away-from-work can be accumulated to be spent at will. Tourism as a form of mobility implies that culturally sanctioned reasons exist for leaving home to travel. Tourism as an organized industry, catering to a clientele who have time and money and want to spend them, pleasurably, in leisured mobility or migration. Tourism in the modal sense is one of a range of choices, or styles, of vacation or recreation. Tourist visits are ritualized breaks in routine that define and relieve the ordinary. POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL EFFECTS OF THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPIC GAMES The first positive socio-cultural impact is that tourism is a force for peace. The tourists who will travel to London for the Olympic Games will be won over by the residents of London. The close interaction with people from different countries will develop mutual sympathy and understanding and reduce their racial prejudices. This close interaction and cooperation will lead to world understanding and world peace. The second positive socio-cultural impact is that the London Games of 2012 will strengthen local communities. The local residents will be involved as volunteers and the celebration of festivals will lead to cultural rejuvenation. The tourist interest for festivals will enrich the cultural exchange between the participants. Moreover, the thousands of jobs created by tourism can act as a vital incentive to reduce emigration from rural areas. The third positive socio-cultural impact is that the facilities developed for the tourism-related Olympic Games benefit local residents d uring and after the Games.

Impact of Inflation in World Economics Dissertation

Impact of Inflation in World Economics - Dissertation Example Placing in the most generic term, inflation within an economy diminishes the value of money as a result of which the common people find it difficult to survive. Inflation and growth are such two terms of the economy that are comprehensively incompatible and can never be anticipated to meet (Economy Watch, 2011). The present research paper has been designed to critically evaluate the impact of inflation upon the Asian economies. The reason for selecting the Asian economies for study is the excessively elevating rate of inflation as compared to the rest of the world during the past a few years. The following demonstration of the inflation rate has led to the undertaking of present research. The rates of inflation depicted in the figure are those of the recent period. Source: (Trading Economics, 2011). The figure is a clear representation of the rate of inflation in various countries of the world inclusive of the western countries, European countries, Australia and the major Asian count ries in terms of economic growth and also population. It is evident from the figure that rate of inflation in India and China is the highest in the entire world in recent times. This is the basis of the present research that will be concerned with finding the causes of inflation along with its effects and most importantly finding an effective way of managing inflation. 2.0 Causes of Inflation in Asian Economies According to a special report from the Asian Development Bank (2008a), during the period from the year 2007 to 2008, both structural as well as cyclical factors have contributed towards the escalating prices of food products in Asia. Before that period, major cereal stocks in the global market were reducing radically. The harsh rate of failing stock was a clear indication that the world economy had been becoming incapable of meeting up the rate of consumption (ESCAP, 2011). As a result of this, the ratio of stock-to-use had been falling massively, before it reached one of its lowest rates during the same period of 2007-2008 as shown in the figure below: Source: (Asian Development Bank, 2011). The percentage figures in the above figure had been shown with respect to three important cereals: corn, wheat and rice. Various structural factors that have been influencing the increasing rate of food prices during the period 2007-2008 are observed to be continuing their impacts upon the present episode of ever increasing food prices within the Asian economies. The factors relevant on the demand-side of the economies are inclusive of huge rate of growth in population figures, sturdy rate of growth in people’s income within the emerging economies and varying diet habits of the people from staple items of food towards meat and several other processed foods. Increased consumption of processed food items requires huge amount of feedstock and raw materials. The factors in the supply side that contributes towards increased rate of inflation are the enhanced util isation of food grains, primarily rapeseed oil and corns for the purpose of producing biofuel; alteration of the agricultural lands in order to be utilised for business purposes; enhanced shortage of resources for irrigation; lower production of crops; increasing costs of raw materials; and

Compare and Contrast Television Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Television Essay There are so many TV’s to choose from now days it is so hard to pick the right one. Maybe this guide will help you out. The first color TV was introduced into the world in the year of 1966. It has taken 25 yrs for a mass acceptance. In today’s society majority of the homes have the up to date television. The newer versions of TV’S are a better choice to make when picking out a TV. Here are list of some web sites for you to look at before buying any TV’s. http://shop. panasonic. com, www. bestbuy. com, www. rca. com. Television sets in the early nineties were pretty cool then even though a TV had a price tag of: $750 for a 1997 28 inch Samsung. The graphic was ok but still needed so much work on it to make it clearer. The other thing about the TV’s back then is it’s bulky and not to mention heavy. There are great advantages to having a TV in the 90’s. You can hook up RCA jacks to use a DVD player or video games. People in the 90’s gave someone a new TV for a gift for Christmas or birthday or even a graduation present. In the year of 2012 there are so many ways to see the world of televisions. One of the ways is through the TV set of Panasonic VIERA HDTV. One plus is that they have a new sleek and thin look to them not to mention the price tag of more or less than $2,999. 99. New up to date Graphics are so exciting. There are taking the original 2D and turning it into 3D eye popping full high definition. Smart phones in the last 5 years and now for the year of 2012 there is a smart TV out there called : SMART VIERAÂ ® 55 Class WT50 Series Full HD 3D LED HDTV (54. 6 Diag. ). These TV’s still have some of the basics that are on TV. You can still plug RCA jacks and also hook up cables for game playing. You can also give these TV’s as Christmas, birthday, wedding, or even a graduation present. Knowing these facts about televisions you should have enough confidence to go out and buy a new TV. Even go to a goodwill store and get a good used TV there. If you were to go out and buy a new one you should get a newer model like the new 2012 models so you can get the most up to date technology. With the older TV’s being obsolete due to the technology in the year 2012. The pawn shops don’t even take them . with them being older than the year 2001. TV’s are like cars they are always changing over a year’s time. There are so many TV’s to choose from now days it is so hard to pick the right one. You just have to keep looking for the right information for your own needs not everyone has the same needs that is also why there is so many models of TV’S. The way the technology is increasing and moving forward in this short amount of time make you wonder how the next 20 years of technology is going towards.

Essay --

When operating a business it is essential that a business analyses where it stand in a market in the present moment as they are then able to grasp at possible enhancements which could be made in order to successfully improve their products or services. It is also important that a business is able keep up with today’s always changing laws and legislations which through the use of the information they are able to adjust to such changes. SWOT analysis is a method used by organisations to help them analysis, evaluate and take into account different factors within and outside the organisations which can have an influence on their product. SWOT stands for Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It enables businesses to clearly form a logical point of view on a products marketing state. For instance using my business plan to re-launch the Zune I can see that the strength and weaknesses of the business would be factors that are internal such as cost production, quality and pricing. While the opportunities and threats would be the external relating to factors such as competitors, audience, trends and politics. The table below illustrates how SWOT would apply to my business plan: Strength (Internal) The strengths are the advantages that the company has which enable it to operate with little or no problems. In the case of Microsoft one advantage is that it has been in the market for a long time and has a wide experience in marketing. Its reputation is also another strength as it is a well known brand name therefore customers are more likely to prefer their products as they will expect a high quality product. The main strength that Microsoft has is its financial position since the company is worth billions of pounds, this will... ...control in the short-run a good example being minimum wage in the UK which the company has no control over, however the company can respond to that change by shifting its major operations in UK to a country like China where minimum wages are not as high compared to the UK wage regulations. That response would help reduce production cost. Boston matrix helped businesses in assessing when to invest largely in prolonging their products for example at a star category more funds are needed to remain in the market where both market share and market growth are at their peak. If not properly checked it could fall into the cow cash category. It is also found that the product life cycle concept assist businesses in knowing at what stage the product stands. Therefore the firm is able to know when to invest in order to extend product’s life or rather to avoid decline stage.

Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care Essay

The circulatory system is the body’s transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps the blood and the arteries and veins transport it. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart and enters the biggest artery, called the aorta. The aorta branches into smaller arteries, which then branch into even smaller vessels that travel all over the body. When blood enters the smallest blood vessels, which are calledcapillaries, and are found in body tissue, it gives nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes in carbon dioxide, water, and waste. The blood, which no longer contains oxygen and nutrients, then goes back to the heart through veins. Veins carry waste products away from cells and bring blood back to the heart , which pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and eliminate waste carbon dioxide. Digestive System The digestive system is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesn’t need or can’t digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body. Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of a group of glands that produce the body’s long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The glands, which include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus gland, pineal body, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which transports the hormones to organs and tissues throughout the body. Immune System The immune system is our body’s defense system against infections and diseases. Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products work together to respond to dangerous organisms (like viruses or bacteria) and substances that may enter the body from the environment. There are three types of response systems in the immune system: the anatomic response, the inflammatory response, and the immune response. The anatomic response physically prevents threatening substances from entering your body. Examples of the anatomic system include the mucous membranes and the skin. If substances do get by, the inflammatory response goes on attack. The inflammatory system works by excreting the invaders from your body. Sneezing, runny noses, and fever are examples of the inflammatory system at work. Sometimes, even though you don’t feel well while it’s happening, your body is fighting illness. When the inflammatory response fails, the immune response goes to work. This is the central part o f the immune system and is made up of white blood cells, which fight infection by gobbling up antigens. About a quarter of white blood cells, called the lymphocytes, migrate to the lymph nodes and produce antibodies, which fight disease. Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is also a defense system for the body. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting antibodies. It also distributes fluids and nutrients in the body and drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels that help circulate body fluids. These vessels carry excess fluid away from the spaces between tissues and organs and return it to the bloodstream. Muscular System The muscular system is made up of tissues that work with the skeletal system to control movement of the body. Some muscles—like the ones in your arms and legs—are voluntary, meaning that you decide when to move them. Other muscles, like the ones in your stomach, heart, intestines and other organs, are involuntary. This means that they are controlled automatically by the nervous system and hormones—you often don’t even realize they’re at work. The body is made up of three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Each of these has the ability to contract and expand, which allows the body to move and function. Skeletal muscles help the body move. Smooth muscles, which are involuntary, are located inside organs, such as the stomach and intestines. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Its motion is involuntary Nervous System The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body’s control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It sends out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense organs, which tell your brain about things you see, hear, smell, taste and feel. The peripheral nervous system includes the craniospinal nerves that branch off from the brain and the spinal cord. It carries the nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary action, such as heart beat and digestion. Reproductive System The reproductive system allows humans to produce children. Sperm from the male fertilizes the female’s egg, or ovum, in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus, where the fetus develops over a period of nine months. Respiratory System The respiratory system brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs. When you breathe in, air enters your nose or mouth and goes down a long tube called the trachea. The trachea branches into two bronchial tubes, or primary bronchi, which go to the lungs. The primary bronchi branch off into even smaller bronchial tubes, or bronchioles. The bronchioles end in the alveoli, or air sacs. Oxygen follows this path and passes through the walls of the air sacs and blood vessels and enters the blood stream. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and is exhaled. Skeletal System The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and tendons. It shapes the body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move. Marrow, which is soft, fatty tissue that produces red blood cells, many white blood cells, and other immune system cells, is found inside bones. Urinary System The urinary system eliminates waste from the body, in the form of urine. The kidneys remove waste from the blood. The waste combines with water to form urine. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is discharged through the urethra.

Parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Essay

How far would you agree that fear of popular hostility was the main reason why governments enacted parliamentary reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? The reform movement first started to achieve mass support in the 1760s; during the years of the French Revolution it even appealed to the members of the anti-reform Whig party but as war with France started, the authorities feared revolution as had happened in France and so used repressive measures in a bid to stamp out these new ideas. It was in 1815 however that the reform movement began to become more significant – when widespread unemployment attracted the masses to the idea of reform. But as conditions improved during the 1820s the pressure for reform decreased – as Cobbett said, â€Å"I defy you to agitate a man on a full stomach†. The reform movement was not unified nor was it on a national scale. There were different groups urging for changes – the most extensive of these were the radicals, such men as Robert Paine. They campaigned for universal male suffrage, annual parliaments, equal electoral districts, a secret ballot, the payment of MPs and the abolition of property qualifications for MPs. There were some more radical that others however and along with little agreement on what should be the best policy of reform they had little success on parliament. There were also calls for reform from more moderate radicals and members of the Whigs that called for measures for more limited reform such as disfranchising the worst of the rotten boroughs and giving representation to larger towns. The lack of reform prior to the 1832 Act can be explained by the lack of unity of the reformers and their less that significant support in the country but more importantly the Tories’ anti-reform majority in parliament and the small number of pro-reform Whigs and radicals. The economic slump of 1829 and an increase in poor harvests caused unemployment and distress for many working class families and thus made them more susceptible to reformist ideology. This period saw the reform movement revived by such radicals as Cobbett and Hunt; the BPU, a reform organisation was also founded by Thomas Attwood which provided a pressure group aligning the lower and middle class people – this provided the opportunity for others to be created throughout the country during 1829-30 with the middle and working classes increasingly cooperating together; the combination of the two provided a class alliance that the Tories were fearful of. The death of the pro-Tory King George IV necessitated a general election in which the Tories’ majority was heavily reduced and the continuation of Wellington’s government became uncertain with the increase of Whig seats. This was due to the pro-reform attitude of the country – especially within the counties and open boroughs. The election saw the return of Henry Brougham in a seat for Yorkshire; he was more popular in the country than any Whig leader and had promised to initiate parliamentary reform. With the reform movements continued support, other agitation began to emerge in the country. The Swing Riots of Southern England involved burning hayricks and breaking machinery which they blamed for reducing employment for farm workers. Although easily suppressed, the Whigs, worried of unrest and encouraged by the Tory decline, announced their intention to introduce reform legislation in the Commons; Wellington however continually expressed his belief that the existing system â€Å"possessed the full and entire confidence of the country†. In November 1830 the defeat of the Tory government in the Commons brought an end to their 20 years of rule. This opened the door to the Whigs – who had already expressed intention in reforming parliament – who formed a minority government. The Whigs’ aim of producing this legislation was a measure large enough to satisfy public opinion but to also provide resistance to further innovation and to uphold the authority of the Aristocracy and the existing Whig government. Although they wanted to remove the most blatant abuses, they were heavily concerned with preserving as much as possible the social and political status quo. Their strategy was to remedy the grievances of the middle classes – thereby gaining their support and dividing the middle-working class alliance of the reform movement which posed huge problems for the government of left unresolved. The Bill made no concessions to the radicals and working classes meaning that post-reform agitation would almost certainly continue. During the Bill’s progression through parliament, agitation continued. Political unions organised demonstrations, riots occurred in Nottingham and Bristol and further violence seemed possible. This extra-parliamentary agitation only strengthened the Whig government’s determination in passing the Bill. When King William IV refused to create more Whig peers to carry the Bill through the Lords, Grey resigned and Wellington took office again. This resulted in the ‘Days of May’ where nationwide protests and demonstrations made some fearful of revolution; reformers also threatened an economic crisis by withdrawing gold from the banks – ‘to stop the Duke, go for gold’. With Wellington’s failure at forming a government, and the huge public opinion in favour of reform, the King had no choice but to create these necessary peers – the Tory majority in the House of Lords however conceded and the Bill was passed. It can therefore be seen that although reform was intended by the Whigs, there was still fear of an uprising that could have swayed members votes, especially in the Commons. Further parliamentary reform was inevitable – the Whigs had recognised the huge public opinion in favour of reform and were now in a majority in the House of Commons. Lord Althorp even warned Grey in 1833 that ‘without popular measures, the Reform Act will lead to revolution’. It is therefore clear that the fear of uprisings was still apparent to many even after the Act was passed. Although the next Reform Act wasn’t passed until 1867, there was still popular agitation in the country. This especially came from the Chartist movement whose demands would have essentially made Britain into a democracy; their demands were however ignored by parliament largely based on the fact that anti-reformer Palmerston was in charge for much of the period between the Acts. With an increasing number of reform legislation being passed – both social and economic – the country was becoming more democratic and with this came factors in determining parliamentary reform. As well as radical demands for reform continuing, a new factor of party political opportunism was also present – it was in the Conservative parties’ own interests to pass the Second Reform Act. As had happened prior to the 1832 Act, 1866 saw economic problems which increased social discontent and fuelled the calls for reform – this is evident in the huge surge of membership to the Reform Union and Reform League. In 1866 both organisations – one middle class, the other working – started working together, creating the same threat that the Tories had feared back in 1830. It was the Liberal party that introduced the first Bill to parliament, with them seeing the opportunity in enfranchising selective members of working class who were already in favour of the party. The radicals backed the Bill but believed that the measure was too limited; many right-wing Liberals however thought the opposite – that the Bill would enfranchise too many of the working class. The Conservatives saw the opportunity of the split ideology and the Liberal party and worked with the right-wingers in defeating the Bill in June of 1866; the Liberal government resigned, giving way to a minority Conservative administration. Despite his own parties’ opposition to reform, Disraeli introduced his own reform Bill based purely on self-interests in gaining the support of the proposed boroughs to be enfranchised. Moreover, Disraeli also claimed that he intended to ‘destroy the present agitation’ in the country. As well as party political interests, agitation was still ongoing with radicals and organisations pushing for reform. A peaceful demonstration by the Reform League in London had erupted in violence in July 1966; this, along with further riots, convinced many MPs on the need for reform. Disraeli’s Bill – introduced in March 1867 – was more moderate than the Liberal one before it, with the intention that those who opposed the last Bill will accept this one. Rather than it being defeated, Disraeli was willing to make the Bill even more radical than the one prior – it was their certainty that redistributing seats would return a Conservative majority that made members within the party support the Bill, along with the radical MPs. It can therefore be seen that self-interests of parties was the main factor in bringing about the Second Reform Act rather than agitation in the country, which was the case during the 1830s. Calls for a secret ballot had been apparent since the late eighteenth century, it was even considered during the Reform Bill in 1831. It wasn’t however agitation that led to the Ballot Act of 1872, it was the election of 1868. Violence, corruption and intimidation had occurred as in every election prior but what was surprising was the publicity the election received with journalists commenting on the extent to which violence was a factor. The government set up a committee in 1870 to look into this with their report favouring a system of secret voting. Although the Conservatives apposed such a measure, they saw the opportunity in getting radical support so pushed ahead with the Bill. Intimidation still continued even with an increased electorate and secret voting – it simply meant that candidates had to spend more to win over the voters. Secret voting did however mean that voters would not necessarily vote for the candidate they had received money from; this, along with radical calls for reform, urged governments of the time to act. The 1883 Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act passed with both Conservative and Liberal support – it limited the expenditure of elections (fell by three-quarters in the 1885 election) and in turn reduced corruption and violence. It was parties interests – saving them the huge expense of elections – that again prevailed over agitation to pass reform. After the 1867 Act, most politicians had accepted that further parliamentary reform was inevitable, even if they didn’t support it. It was therefore important to ensure that reform was in the parties interests, as had occurred in 1867. It was again party self-interests that determined the Third Reform Act – Gladstone agreed to support moderate reform believing he would gain popularity in the country. A Liberal Bill was introduced in 1884 with the Conservative majority of the House of Lords, led by Salisbury, believing that although an extension of the county franchise would be beneficial to the Liberals, a redistribution of seats would prevent them from gaining a sufficient majority. By this time conflict had reappeared again, not regarding reform but the abolition of the House of Lords. The riots that followed were not on the same level as in 1832 and the government had little to worry about. There was no significant extra-parliamentary pressure for reform, it was the parties’ acting in self-interest for themselves in trying to pass the Bill that really counted. A compromise was finally reached – the Arlington Street compact – in which both parties got what they wanted – the Liberals an extension of the franchise and the Conservatives the redistribution of seats. With each successive Act making the House of Commons more democratic, the House of Lords remained essentially aristocratic, with many radicals proposing the upper House be reformed. There were repeated calls for the House to be abolished, especially during the Liberal’s Home Rule Bill, which was thrown out by the Lords. The election of 1906 produced a Liberal majority of over 200 seats, with the Lords – still a Conservative stronghold – poised to block key Liberal measures in the following years. The Parliament Bill was introduced in 1910, but the Lords were reluctant to pass such a measure that would removed their power of veto. Liberal Prime Minister Asquith therefore urged the King to create more peers to secure a Liberal majority insisting that there was a serious state of unrest among the middle classes that could lead to harming the crown. The Bill was reintroduced to Parliament with the House of Lords finally accepting the proposals in August 1911 rather then see the House swamped by Liberal peers. The 1911 Parliament Act can therefore be seen as very little to do with agitation in the country and more of the fact of the increasing hostility between the Liberal government and the Conservation Lords. Although the electoral system was now more representative of the people than ever before, there were still huge numbers of people who were denied the vote – women for example made up half of the population but still had no proper political voice. The system was therefore still criticised, with the Liberal party calling for further reform – including manhood suffrage and the abolition of plural voting. It was from the women’s suffrage movement that significant pressure on parliament after 1885 emerged. Parliament found it increasingly difficult to ignore calls for reform from organisations such as the National Union of Women’s Suffrage and the Women’s Social and Political Union, both of which held demonstrations and were increasing in popularity. They began more militant activities including vandalism and attacks on MPs which only helped to alienate potential supporters, it was in fact the more moderate groups that found the greater success. Once again it came down to party politics with the Liberal party in 1905 believing that enfranchising women on the same basis as men would create a majority middle-class, who were more than likely to vote Conservative. The reform movement virtually disappeared during the outbreak of the war, which reinforces the claim that the Fourth Reform Act – passed in 1918 – was a result of the parties, and not extra-parliamentary pressure. The Liberals and Labour both supported universal male suffrage by now, with the Conservatives apposing the idea at first but hoping such enfranchised men would vote Conservative. Women were also partly included in the act – not because of suffragette pressure, but because before the war a majority of MPs favoured extending the vote to them as long as it was in their parties interests. It can therefore be seen that virtually no agitation or pressure was put on parliament during the time leading up to the 1918 Act, it was simply due to the self-interests of the parties – with each benefiting from a particular aspect of the Bill.

Profile of Serial Killer Joseph Paul Franklin

Profile of Serial Killer Joseph Paul Franklin Joseph Paul Franklin is a serial extremist killer whose crimes were motivated by a pathological hatred of African Americans and Jews. Fueled by the words of his hero, Adolf Hitler, Franklin went on a killing rampage between 1977 and 1980, targeting interracial couples and setting off bombs in synagogues. Childhood Years Franklin (named James Clayton Vaughan Jr. at birth) was born in Mobile, Alabama on April 13, 1950, and was the second of four children in a volatile impoverished home. As a child Franklin, who felt different from other children, turned to reading books, mostly fairy tales, as an escape from the domestic violence in the home. His sister has described the home as abusive, saying Franklin was the target of much of the abuse. Teen Years During his teen years, he was introduced to the American Nazi Party through pamphlets and he adopted the belief that the world needed to be cleansed of what he considered inferior races - mainly African Americans and Jews. He was in full agreement with the Nazi teachings and he became a member of the American Nazi Party, the Ku Klux Klan, and the National States Rights Party. Name Change In 1976, he wanted to join the Rhodesian Army, but because of his criminal background he needed to change his name to be accepted. He changed his name to Joseph Paul Franklin - Joseph Paul after Adolph Hitlers minister of propaganda, Joseph Paul Goebbels, and Franklin after Benjamin Franklin. Franklin never did join the army, but instead launched his own war of the races. Obsessed With Hate Obsessed with hatred for interracial marriages, many of his killings were against black and white couples he encountered. He has also admitted to blowing up synagogues and takes responsibility for the 1978 shooting of Hustler Magazine publisher, Larry Flynt and the 1980 shooting on civil rights activist and Urban League president Vernon Jordan, Jr. Over the years Franklin has been linked to or confessed to numerous bank robberies, bombings, and murders. However, not all of his confessions are viewed as truthful and many of the crimes were never brought to trial. Convictions Alphonse Manning and Toni SchwennMadison, WisconsinIn 1985 Franklin was found guilty of killing interracial couple Alphonse Manning and Toni Schwenn,  both 23 years old.  The couple was pulling out of a shopping mall when Franklin rammed their car from behind, then got out and shot Manning twice and Schwenn four times, killing both. He was sentenced to two life terms.Bryant Tatum and Nancy HiltonChattanooga, TennesseeIn 1977 he pleaded guilty to the July 29, 1978 sniper murder of Bryant Tatum (black) and for attempting to murder his white girlfriend Nancy Hilton.  The couple was  at a Pizza Hut restaurant in Chattanooga when Franklin, hiding in tall grass near the restaurant, gunned them down. Franklin was found guilty and given a life sentence.Donte Brown and Darrel LaneCincinnati, OhioCousins Dante Brown, 13, and Darrel Lane, 14, were headed to a local convenience store on June 6, 1980, when Franklin, standing on an overpass, shot two bullets into each child. Lane died at t he scene and Brown died a few hours later at the hospital. Franklin was found guilty and sentenced to two life terms. Ted Fields and David MartinSalt Lake City, UtahTed Fields, 20, and David Martin, 18, were friends who shared the reputation for being hardworking, responsible and with bright futures. On August, 20, they went jogging with two women at Liberty Park.  Franklin hit the group with a barrage of bullets, striking Fields three times and Martin five, killing both. One of the women was injured. He was found guilty and received two life sentences.Gerald GordonPotosi, MissouriOn October 8, 1977, Gerald Gordon, Steven Goldman and William Ash  had no idea a Remington 700 hunting rifle was aimed at them while they walked through the synagogue parking lot.  Franklin, who had carefully planned his assault the day before, fired five shots at the men, killing Gordon and injuring Goldman and Ash. In February 1997, a jury found him guilty and sentenced to death by lethal injection. Any Regrets? Eight life sentences and a death sentence has done little to change Franklins radical racist views. He has told authorities that his only regret is that killing Jews isnt legal. During a 1995 article published by Deseret News, Franklin seemed to boast about his killing sprees and the only regret that he seems to have is that there were victims that managed to survive his murderous rage. On November 20, 2013, Franklin was executed by lethal injection in Missouri. He offered no final statement.

American revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

American revolution - Essay Example Distinctive features were used to identify with the various categories of individuals, with each of the individuals sharing different opinions against the colonial masters. Body The indigenous community had the agony of the grabbing of their resources; thus their judgment against the colonial masters was grossly pegged on that assumption. On the other hand, the African American fraternity shared the agony of oppression as exhibited by the colonial masters. This implied that their perception towards the colonial masters was significantly placed this assertion. The loyalist, on the other hand, had a to configure various adjustment in their part. Amongst this was the desire to salvage their nation against the new invaders, or the quest to ensure the promotion of the current authority was implemented to the latter. However, there was always a distinction in ideas that lead to the development of a heightened discrepancy.1 These backgrounds, that seek to outline the perceptions that were b uilt against or in favour of the Britons marked the definition of the events of 1812 and the perception that was carried against this occurrence. This was the age that the resolutions shared amongst the oppressed individuals was expressed. This was through the great war for independence that took over thirty two years. However, the definition of each of the resentments nurtured against the Britons by each of the concerned groups was rather varied. This was also expressed in the assertions expressed towards the definitions of independence. There was an increased discrepancy in understanding2. This can be best exemplified by assuming the scope accorded to each of the communities by the Britons. A look at African American situation pointed on the varied definition that was nurtured by the locals over the presence of the Britons in their territory. Apparently, the presence of the African American in United States can be described as an event that was developed by the Britons in their ef fort to induce their own model of civilization in the world. There traffic into the outer continent can be traced back to the ages of the Trans-Atlantic trade, where they were ferried to the continent as labourers for the vast plantation and other agricultural resources3. This perception implicates that their presence in the land can be compared to that of individuals embroiled in a land of oppression. The illusion of independence would be thus be far-fetched in terms of definitions since their situation called for many implications to point against in order to ascertain them full freedom. There was the slavery factor, which was then coined by their presence in a land far away from their native home. These developments were somehow related to the presence of the Britons in the land. This further implicated that their perception of the conduct of the Britons was also mixed in nature. However, it can be defined as one that was filled with significant hate against the Britons. A furthe r reflection of the situation after the lapse of the Britons period as the colonialists, there was increased perception of racism between the communities. The African American society may tend to relate these events to the presence of the Britons as the colonialists of the continent. Apparently, the distinction in character or race that was exhibited in this period traces back to the colonial period where they introduced the distinction in race across the population. This implies that the definition of freedom by the black society

ShutterFly's ProGrowth and ProProfit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ShutterFly's ProGrowth and ProProfit - Essay Example Shutterfly has had great commercial successes and fulfilled 12 million orders, sold 370 million prints, stored one billion consumer photos and their net revenues increased from $31.4 million in 2003 to $54.5 million to 2004 and $83.9 million in 2005. Shutterfly was also voted one among the top 500 fastest growing private companies in 2005. The company also got publicly enlisted and offered about 23.5 million shares of common stock. Shutterfly rides on the growth of the photo industry market that allows online consumers to store, share, print and edit photos for the present and future generations. User friendly websites and increased access to the internet have been increasing the number of online photography users and photo prints have been generating revenue of $10 billion in 2005. Greeting cards, scrapbooks, calendars and other general merchandise on digital photography are some of the other revenue generating consumer products that are sold by the company. However several issues such as branding, competition, innovation and expansion, marketing strategies, profits and growth, market shares, consumer preferences have to b considered to analyse the various orientations to growth or profits. It would be interesting to analyse whether profits or growth of a company should be brought about with two different forms of governance, one for increasing profits and other for increasing growth. Certain firms tend to give equal attention to profits and to growth and may allocate equal amount of resources to bring about profits and growth and costs, quality and time spent on PG and PP efforts would be the same (also in Armstrong and Levesque, 2002). It would be necessary to understand whether the PP and PG efforts of a company are opposed or mutually beneficial. In certain cases, the firm would focus only on increasing profits and in certain cases the focus is on growth. With the focus on both profits and growth, there may be conflicting market ori entations and strategies although this would be an interesting combination to analyse the firm's success. Roper (1999) delineated how strategy choices affect market position and business performance of firms and suggested that a firm's turnover growth and return on assets are weakly related for short-term profits. Roper also states that firm performance also depends strongly on strategy choice, with turnover growth being particularly strategy dependent. Thus turnover growth and general profitability of a company as well as long term growth of a company would be all related to strategy choice. Even in case of Shutterfly's business analysis, the primary importance could be given to the strategy and market choices used by the company. Considering the uses of PG and PP, it would be interesting to note that when both PP and PG are allocated, executed and achieved simultaneously, they would together increase the total value of the firm. When these models are used exclusively, then downturn in the firm's performance can lead to the use of an alternate model so the focus would be on either of the two, the PP model or the PG model and either the profits or the growth of the company would be important. In fact Han (2005) noted that the management of two paradoxical forces such as pro-growth strategy and pro-profit strategy could provide for strategic ambidexterity